Taekwondo

Category	Mainstream Sport, Martial Art
Origin	South Korea
First Known Play	Formalized in the 1950s
Typical Participants	Individual competitors (male and female)
Playing Area	Dojang (training hall), competition mat (octagonal or square)
Primary Equipment	Dobok (uniform), Hogu (chest protector), head protector, arm/shin guards, groin guard, mouthguard
Governing Body	World Taekwondo (WT), International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF)
Olympic Status	Official Olympic Sport (since Sydney 2000 for WT style)
Typical Match Duration	Three rounds of two minutes each, with one-minute breaks

Taekwondo, literally meaning "the way of the foot and fist," is a Korean martial art characterized by its emphasis on powerful, high, and fast kicks. As a combat sport, it involves two individual competitors engaging in sparring (kyorugi) or performing pre-arranged forms (poomsae). The primary objective in competitive sparring is to score points by delivering controlled kicks and punches to designated scoring areas on an opponent's body, specifically the trunk protector (hogu) and the head. Victory is typically achieved by accumulating more points than the opponent within a set number of rounds, by knockout, or by referee stoppage.

Beyond its competitive aspect, Taekwondo is a comprehensive discipline that cultivates physical fitness, mental fortitude, and ethical principles. It is important not only as a sport but also as a form of self-defense, a means of physical education, and a pathway to personal development. Its global reach and inclusion in the Olympic Games underscore its significance in the wider sporting world, making it one of the most popular and recognized martial arts disciplines.

The roots of Taekwondo can be traced back to ancient Korean martial arts traditions, particularly Taekkyeon and Subak, which date back over two millennia. These indigenous fighting styles emphasized kicking and unarmed combat, often practiced during festivals and for military training in the ancient Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Silla, and Baekje.

During the Japanese occupation of Korea (1910-1945), traditional Korean martial arts were suppressed, and many Koreans were exposed to Japanese martial arts like Karate and Judo. After Korea's liberation in 1945, several martial arts schools, known as Kwans, emerged, each teaching a slightly different style that blended traditional Korean techniques with influences from Japanese karate.

The formalization of Taekwondo began in the 1950s. General Choi Hong-hi, a key figure, advocated for a unified Korean martial art. In 1955, the name "Taekwondo" was officially proposed and adopted by a council of martial arts masters. General Choi played a pivotal role in developing the art's techniques, philosophy, and global promotion. However, political tensions and disagreements over the art's direction led to a significant split.

In 1966, General Choi established the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) to promote his style of Taekwondo internationally. Later, in 1973, the South Korean government, seeking to establish a distinct Korean martial art and promote it as a sport, founded the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF), now known simply as World Taekwondo (WT). This marked the divergence into two primary styles, each with distinct rules, forms, and organizational structures.

The WT style gained significant international recognition, particularly through its emphasis on sport sparring. It was introduced as a demonstration sport at the Seoul 1988 and Barcelona 1992 Olympic Games. Its success led to its inclusion as an official medal sport at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, solidifying its status as a major global sport.

Historical Timeline

Ancient Korea	Development of indigenous martial arts like Taekkyeon and Subak.
1910-1945	Japanese occupation; traditional Korean martial arts suppressed, Japanese martial arts introduced.
1945-1950s	Emergence of various Kwans (martial arts schools) post-liberation.
1955	The name "Taekwondo" officially adopted for a unified Korean martial art.
1966	International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) founded by General Choi Hong-hi.
1973	World Taekwondo Federation (WTF, now World Taekwondo) founded in South Korea.
1975	WT Taekwondo admitted to the General Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF).
1980	WT Taekwondo recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
1988	Demonstration sport at the Seoul Olympic Games.
1992	Demonstration sport at the Barcelona Olympic Games.
2000	Official medal sport at the Sydney Olympic Games.

Competitive Taekwondo, particularly under World Taekwondo (WT) rules, is primarily contested as sparring (kyorugi) between two individuals. The objective is to score points by delivering valid techniques to an opponent's trunk or head, while avoiding penalties. Matches are typically held on a square or octagonal mat within a designated competition area.

A match consists of three rounds, each lasting two minutes, with a one-minute break between rounds. Competitors wear protective gear, including a chest protector (hogu), head protector, arm and shin guards, a groin guard, and a mouthguard. Electronic scoring systems are often used, with sensors in the protective gear registering valid impacts.

The match flow involves continuous movement, feinting, and attacking. Competitors use a wide array of kicks, including front kicks (ap chagi), roundhouse kicks (dollyo chagi), side kicks (yeop chagi), and spinning kicks. Punches are generally restricted to the trunk protector. Strategic defense, blocking, and counter-attacking are crucial. Fighters aim to create openings, execute techniques with speed and power, and maintain balance.

Victory can be achieved in several ways:

• Point Victory: The competitor with the higher score at the end of the final round wins.
• Point Gap Victory: If a competitor achieves a significant point difference (e.g., 20 points) at any time during the match, the match may be stopped.
• Knockout (K.O.): If a competitor is knocked down and cannot continue within a specified count.
• Referee Stop Contest (RSC): If a competitor is deemed unable to continue due to injury.
• Disqualification (DSQ): For severe rule infringements.
• Withdrawal (WDR): If a competitor or their coach decides to stop the match.

Beyond sparring, Taekwondo also involves the practice of poomsae (forms), which are pre-arranged sequences of offensive and defensive techniques against imaginary opponents. While less prominent in mainstream competitive sport, poomsae competitions are a vital part of Taekwondo, judged on accuracy, power, balance, and rhythm.

The rules of competitive Taekwondo (WT style) are designed to ensure fair play, safety, and dynamic action. Competitors are divided into weight categories and compete in a designated area. The match is overseen by a referee and several judges.

Scoring System

Points are awarded for valid techniques delivered to specific scoring areas:

• 1 point: Punch to the trunk protector.
• 2 points: Kick to the trunk protector.
• 3 points: Kick to the head.
• 4 points: Spinning kick to the trunk protector.
• 5 points: Spinning kick to the head.
• 1 point: Awarded for every two gamjeom (penalty points) incurred by the opponent.

In modern WT Taekwondo, electronic scoring systems are widely used. Sensors in the hogu and head protector register impacts, and judges use handheld devices to confirm valid techniques, particularly for head kicks and spinning techniques.

Fouls and Penalties (Gamjeom)

Competitors must adhere to strict rules of engagement. Penalties, called gamjeom, are issued for various infractions. Each gamjeom adds one point to the opponent's score. Accumulating ten gamjeom results in disqualification.

Common fouls include:

• Falling down: Intentionally or unintentionally.
• Stepping out of bounds: Leaving the designated competition area.
• Avoiding the match: Turning the back on an opponent, holding, or pushing.
• Grabbing or holding: Holding the opponent's uniform or body.
• Attacking a fallen opponent: Striking an opponent who is on the ground.
• Attacking below the waist: Kicking or punching the legs or groin.
• Attacking the back of the head: Striking the unprotected rear of the head.
• Head-butting or kneeing: Using the head or knee to strike.
• Punching the face: Punches are only allowed to the trunk protector.
• Misconduct: Unsportsmanlike behavior by the competitor or coach.

Match officials include a referee who controls the match on the mat, and typically three judges who assist in scoring and penalty calls, especially in non-electronic systems or for specific techniques.

Taekwondo requires specific equipment for both training and competition, prioritizing safety while allowing for dynamic techniques. The playing area is standardized to ensure fair and consistent competition.

Primary Equipment

• Dobok: The official Taekwondo uniform, typically white, consisting of a jacket, trousers, and a belt. The color of the belt signifies the practitioner's rank (e.g., white for beginner, black for master).
• Hogu (Trunk Protector): A padded vest worn over the dobok to protect the torso. In WT competition, these are often electronic, with sensors that register valid impacts.
• Head Protector: A padded helmet worn to protect the head from impacts. These can also be electronic in WT competitions.
• Arm and Shin Guards: Padded protectors worn under the dobok to cushion blows to the forearms and shins.
• Groin Guard: Worn by both male and female competitors for protection.
• Mouthguard: Essential for protecting teeth and preventing concussions.
• Gloves and Instep Protectors: Lightly padded gloves and foot protectors are worn, often with sensors for electronic scoring.

Playing Area (Dojang)

The term Dojang refers to a Taekwondo training hall or gymnasium. For competition, a specific mat area is used:

• Competition Area: For WT competitions, the mat is typically an octagon with sides of 3.3 meters, or a square of 8x8 meters. This area is usually elevated or clearly marked.
• Safety Area: A surrounding area, usually 1-2 meters wide, provides additional safety for competitors who may fall or be pushed out of the main competition zone.
• Mat Surface: The mat is made of interlocking foam tiles, providing a firm but cushioned surface to absorb impact and prevent injuries from falls.
• Referee and Judge Positions: Designated areas around the competition mat for the referee and judges to observe the match clearly.

The standardized equipment and playing area ensure that competitions are conducted under consistent conditions globally, contributing to the fairness and integrity of the sport.

While Taekwondo is a unified martial art in principle, it has evolved into several distinct styles and competitive formats, primarily due to organizational splits and differing philosophies. The two most prominent variants are World Taekwondo (WT) style and International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) style.

World Taekwondo (WT) Style

This is the style recognized by the International Olympic Committee and is the most widely practiced competitive sport format. It emphasizes dynamic, fast-paced sparring (kyorugi) with a strong focus on kicking techniques to the torso and head. WT sparring rules prioritize safety through extensive protective gear and electronic scoring systems. The forms (poomsae) in WT are standardized sequences known as Taegeuk and Palgwe, which are performed with precision and power. WT Taekwondo is characterized by its sport-centric approach, making it highly accessible for international competition.

International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) Style

The ITF style, founded by General Choi Hong-hi, maintains a closer adherence to the original martial art philosophy and techniques developed by him. ITF sparring is typically "semi-contact" or "light-contact," with a focus on controlled techniques rather than full power, and often uses less protective gear than WT. Hand techniques, including punches to the face, are more prominent in ITF sparring. The forms (tuls) in ITF are distinct from WT poomsae, with 24 patterns representing the hours in a day. ITF Taekwondo emphasizes power breaking, self-defense, and a more traditional martial arts curriculum alongside sparring.

Other Variants

Beyond these two major federations, various smaller organizations and independent schools may teach their own interpretations or hybrid styles of Taekwondo, often incorporating elements from other martial arts or focusing on specific aspects like self-defense or traditional forms. However, WT and ITF represent the largest and most globally recognized competitive and organizational structures.

Taekwondo boasts a robust international competition circuit, with numerous events catering to athletes of all levels. The World Taekwondo (WT) style, in particular, has a well-established hierarchy of major competitions, culminating in its status as an Olympic sport.

• Olympic Games: The pinnacle of competitive WT Taekwondo. It has been an official medal sport since the Sydney 2000 Games, featuring male and female athletes competing in various weight categories.
• World Taekwondo Championships: Organized biennially by World Taekwondo, this is the premier global event for WT Taekwondo athletes, determining world champions in each weight division.
• World Taekwondo Grand Prix Series: An annual series of elite-level tournaments featuring the top-ranked athletes, offering significant ranking points and prize money.
• Continental Championships: Events such as the Asian Taekwondo Championships, European Taekwondo Championships, Pan American Taekwondo Championships, African Taekwondo Championships, and Oceania Taekwondo Championships are held regularly, serving as regional qualifiers and showcases for continental talent.
• Youth Olympic Games: Taekwondo is also included in the Youth Olympic Games, providing a platform for promising young athletes.
• Multi-Sport Games: Taekwondo is a prominent sport in major multi-sport events like the Asian Games, Pan American Games, European Games, and the World University Games (Universiade).
• International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) World Championships: The highest-level competition for the ITF style, held regularly to determine world champions in sparring, patterns, power breaking, and special techniques.

These competitions collectively form a comprehensive pathway for Taekwondo athletes, from grassroots to elite professional levels, fostering global participation and excellence in the sport.

The global administration of Taekwondo is primarily overseen by two major international federations, each governing its distinct style of the martial art. These organizations are responsible for setting rules, organizing competitions, and promoting the sport worldwide.

• World Taekwondo (WT): Formerly known as the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF), WT is the international governing body for the style of Taekwondo recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Established in 1973, WT is headquartered in Seoul, South Korea. It is responsible for the rules of competition (kyorugi and poomsae), referee training, international rankings, and the organization of major championships, including the World Taekwondo Championships and the Taekwondo events at the Olympic Games. WT works closely with national Taekwondo associations in over 200 member countries.
• International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF): Founded in 1966 by General Choi Hong-hi, the ITF governs the original style of Taekwondo developed by him. Following General Choi's passing, the ITF experienced some internal divisions, leading to multiple organizations claiming the ITF lineage. However, the primary ITF bodies continue to promote their distinct style, forms (tuls), and competitive rules globally. They organize their own World Championships and other international events.

These international federations work with continental unions (e.g., European Taekwondo Union, Pan American Taekwondo Union) and national governing bodies (e.g., USA Taekwondo, British Taekwondo) to administer the sport at regional and national levels, ensuring consistent standards for training, grading, and competition.

Understanding key Taekwondo terminology enhances appreciation for the sport and its cultural context. Many terms are Korean, reflecting the art's origin.

• Dojang: A Taekwondo training hall or gymnasium.
• Dobok: The Taekwondo uniform.
• Kyorugi: Sparring or free fighting, the competitive aspect of Taekwondo.
• Poomsae (WT) / Tul (ITF): Pre-arranged sequences of offensive and defensive techniques, also known as forms or patterns.
• Hogu: The chest protector worn in sparring.
• Charyeot: Attention (command).
• Kyongnye: Bow (command).
• Joonbi: Ready (command).
• Sijak: Begin (command).
• Kyesok: Continue (command).
• Kalyo: Break (command to stop the action temporarily).
• Kuman: Stop (command to end the action).
• Gamjeom: Penalty point awarded to the opponent for a foul.
• Ap Chagi: Front kick.
• Dollyo Chagi: Roundhouse kick.
• Yeop Chagi: Side kick.
• Dwit Chagi: Back kick.
• Jireugi: Punch.
• Makgi: Block.
• Kihap: A short, sharp yell or shout, used to focus energy and intimidate.
• Dan: Black belt rank.
• Gup: Color belt rank (below black belt).

Taekwondo holds profound cultural significance, particularly in its homeland of South Korea, where it is considered a national sport and a symbol of national pride. Its global spread has also made it a powerful ambassador for Korean culture and values worldwide.

Beyond its competitive appeal, Taekwondo is deeply rooted in principles of respect, discipline, perseverance, and self-control. Practitioners are taught not only physical techniques but also a code of conduct that emphasizes courtesy, integrity, and an indomitable spirit. This holistic approach to training contributes to personal development, fostering confidence, focus, and ethical behavior in its adherents.

Its inclusion in the Olympic Games significantly elevated its international profile, transforming it from a regional martial art into a globally recognized mainstream sport. This recognition has led to widespread media coverage, increased participation across diverse demographics, and the establishment of Taekwondo schools and clubs in virtually every country. It serves as a bridge between cultures, bringing together people from different backgrounds through a shared passion for the art.

Taekwondo's popularity extends beyond formal training, influencing popular culture through films, television shows, and video games, further cementing its place in the global consciousness as a dynamic and inspiring martial art.